Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

A field experiment on stabilization of Cd in contaminated soils by surface-modified nano-silica (SMNS) and its phyto-availability to corn and wheat

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Cd-contaminated soil is a common environmental problem. Stabilization is an effective way of in situ remediation for Cd contamination in soils, but there is a lack...     

刈割次数对苜蓿相关表型性状与饲草产量的影响

试验选取4份苜蓿材料,设4次刈割处理,观察测试表型性状及干物质的变化动态,并用DPS7.05数据处理系统对各性状指标与饲草产量的关系进行计算分析,以探讨刈割次数对苜蓿表型性状及饲草产量的影响,为高效优质生产提供依据。结果表明,刈割频度显著影响苜蓿越冬率(P<0.05),苜蓿株高、茎粗、茎叶比、分枝数等指标均随刈割次数增加呈明显降低趋势,其中WL525苜蓿首次刈割与其他3次刈割时的株高、茎粗均呈现显著性差异(P<0.05),茎叶比差异性不显著(P>0.05);而苜蓿饲草产量则随刈割次数增多而增加,与刈割1次的情况相比,WL525苜蓿刈割4次后产量增量最多,达1885kg/hm₂;4次刈割后试验材料饲草总产量从高到底的次序依次为WL525>WL903>赛迪>惊喜。全部材料中与饲草产量关联度最大的指标为株高和茎粗,其中株高与惊喜苜蓿饲草产量的关联系数最大,达0.3751;茎粗与WL525苜蓿、WL903苜蓿饲草产量的关联系数最大,分别为0.2854、0.1944。     

甘蓝型油菜对华北坝上冷凉环境的适应性

针对华北坝上冷凉区短季类经济作物缺乏,芥菜型油菜品质差、产量低等问题,于2017-2018年在农业农村部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外观测试验站,引种了甘蓝型双低油菜品种华油杂62,以当地传统芥菜型油菜品种大黄为对照,监测了两品种的叶面积指数、角果净光合速率日变化、地上部干物质积累量、养分积累量和油菜农艺性状、产量等。结果表明,华油杂62较大黄生育期长约10d,平均叶面积指数高23.36%~36.73%;角果净光合速率不及大黄,N、P、K积累量高于大黄;干物质快速增长期延长21d,干物质积累潜值高46.86%;菜子产量较大黄高22.8%~54.0%。甘蓝型油菜华油杂62对华北坝上冷凉区的地理气候环境有较好的生态适应性,具有替代区域传统芥菜型油菜的优势。     

盐胁迫对膜荚黄芪种子萌发的影响

为了保护并开发膜荚黄芪,同时改良盐碱地,研究了3种不同盐（中性盐NaCl、碱性盐Na₂CO₃和复盐）对膜荚黄芪种子发芽率、发芽势、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和相对电导率的影响。结果表明,不同盐胁迫对膜荚黄芪种子的影响不同,随着盐浓度的增加,黄芪种子的发芽率和发芽势逐渐降低;低浓度的NaCl和复盐可提高抗氧化酶活性,Na₂CO₃处理随着其浓度增加对抗氧化酶活性的抑制作用增强;各处理均增大了丙二醛含量和相对电导率;NaCl和复盐处理降低了膜荚黄芪种子可溶性蛋白含量,Na₂CO₃处理的可溶性蛋白含量随盐浓度增加而增加,综合各项指标可得同等盐浓度条件下胁迫作用由强到弱为Na₂CO₃>NaCl>复盐。     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

Genome-wide detection of selective signatures in a Jinhua pig population

The aim of this study was to detect evidence for signatures of recent selection in the Jinhua pig genome. These results can be useful to better understand the regions under selection in Jinhua pigs and might shed some lights on groups of genes that control production traits. In the present study, we performed extended haplotype homozygosity(EHH) tests to identify significant core regions in 202 Jinhua pigs. A total of 26 161 core regions spanning 636.42 Mb were identified, which occupied approximately 28% of the genome across all autosomes, and 1 158 significant(P0.01) core haplotypes were selected. Genes in these regions were related to several economically important traits, including meat quality, reproduction, immune responses and exterior traits. A panel of genes including ssc-mir-365-2, KDM8, RABEP2, GSG1L, RHEB, RPH3AL and a signal pathway of PI3K-Akt were detected with the most extreme P-values. The findings in our study could draw a comparatively genome-wide map of selection signature in the pig genome, and also help to detect functional candidate genes under positive selection for further genetic and breeding research in Jinhua and other pigs.     

离子果膜对沃柑果实日灼与植株光合速率和果实品质的影响

为弄清离子果膜对沃柑果实日灼、品质和光合的影响,2018-2019年在广西武鸣进行了喷施不同浓度离子果膜对沃柑果实日灼发生率、果面温度、叶片光合速率和果实品质的影响试验。结果表明,喷了离子果膜的沃柑果实日灼发生率为0.98%-1.73%,极显著低于对照的14.77%；沃柑叶片Pn日变化呈双峰曲线,存在“午休”现象,同一时刻不同处理间沃柑叶片净光合速率存在一定的差异,但与对照间的差异未达显著水平。在气温33.1℃情况下,喷了离子果膜的沃柑果面平均温度39.97℃-41.47℃,而对照果面平均温度达到48.36℃,两者相差6-8度,其差异达到极显著水平。离子果膜对果实着色、果皮厚度、果实可溶性固形物、固酸比的影响不显著,但对糖代谢影响显著,不同处理间差异明显。对照的果实可滴定酸含量均显著低于4个处理,4个处理间的差异不显著。离子果膜预防沃柑果实日灼效果显著。